Marie Curie

[Tucurie]

Có lẽ trong chúng ta không ai là không biết Marie Curie,một nhà nữ bác học vĩ đại,người phụ nữ đã 2 lần nhận giải Nobel về Vật Lý và Hoá Học!!!Tôi thực sự ngưỡng mộ bà.Chính vì thế,tôi đã tự cho mình cái vinh dự được mang họ của bà,họ Curie cao quý!!
Một con người đáng để cho mỗi chúng ta học tập!
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[Tucurie]

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Czar Alexander II preferred to wear a military uniform. When the Czar was assassinated by revolutionary students in 1881, Manya and her best friend Kazia celebrated by dancing around the desks in their classroom.
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The five Sklodowski children. From left to right: Zosia died of typhus; Hela became an educator; Maria, twice a Nobel laureate; and Józef and Bronya, physicians. “We all had much facility for intellectual work,” said Marie
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Marie was ten years old when her mother died in May 1878. As an adult Marie remembered it as “the first great sorrow of my life,” which “threw me into a profound depression
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Manya's secondary school diploma. She later recalled “always having held first rank in my class
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Cossacks parading in Warsaw after Russia crushed a nationalist rising in 1863.

[Tucurie]

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Paris in 1889 (two years before Marie Sklodowska's arrival), with the Eiffel Tower newly erected for a world's fair--a celebration of modern technology
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Paris rooftops, painting by Gustave Caillebotte
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Another Polish student in Paris drew this portrait of Marie in 1892, after she had been enrolled at the Sorbonne for some months. Although at first she spent some time with other Polish students to help overcome homesickness, she soon had to devote all her time to her studies.
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Marie hesitated before agreeing to marry Pierre Curie, because such a decision “meant abandoning my country and my family
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Gabriel Lippmann, Marie Curie's thesis advisor, did early studies in a field in which Pierre Curie and his brother were pioneers: electrical effects in crystals. A pillar of the French tradition of patronage, Lippmann let Marie use his laboratory for her thesis work and helped her find other sources of support.
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The Curies' honeymoon trip was a tour of France on bicycles purchased with a wedding gift

[Tucurie]

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One of Roentgen's first X-ray photographs -- his wife's hand (note the wedding ring). The revelation of X-rays fascinated the public and deeply puzzled scientists
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Henri Becquerel, coverer of uranium radiation. Although he tried to help the Curies solve their financial problems and advance their careers, the relationship eventually soured--as sometimes happens with scientists touchy about sharing credit for coveries.
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This device for precise electrical measurement, invented by Pierre Curie and his brother Jacques, was essential for Marie's work

[Tucurie]

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England's Lord Kelvin, whose contributions in several fields helped shape the scientific thought of his era, openly played his admiration for Pierre's scientific achievements
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The attention that English scientists paid to the Curies' work helped make them household names in that country, as in this famous caricature, “Radium,” from the popular British periodical Vanity Fair.
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Title page of the published version of Marie Curie's doctoral thesis, “Research on Radioactive Substances.” The examiners exclaimed that Curie's doctoral research contributed more to scientific knowledge than any previous thesis project.
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Marie Curie in 1903, the year her thesis was published

[Tucurie]

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A few days before his death, Pierre was cautiously optimistic about the progress he and Marie were making in their attempt to make precise measurements of the radioactive gas that radium emitted. He also thought of returning to the studies of crystal symmetries he had set aside when their joint work began
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When Pierre's father learned that his son had been killed crossing a Paris street in traffic on a rainy day, he said, “What was he dreaming of this time?” (Painting by Childe Hassam, 1893)
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Marie on the balcony of the Dluski apartment on rue d'Allemagne, Paris. In the diary Marie began 11 days after Pierre's death, she described putting a copy of this picture in Pierre's coffin: “it was the picture of the one you chose as your companion....”
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Curie family gravestone. Pierre was buried with his mother in the Curie family plot in Sceaux, on the outskirts of Paris, where eventually his father and Marie joined them. Many years later Pierre and Marie were reinterred in the Panth鯮, the national sepulcher for the most eminent French citizens

[Tucurie]

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The right-wing French press, including the daily Excelsior, attacked Curie's candidacy for the French Academy with scurrilous and racist claims based on supposedly scientific analyses of her handwriting and facial characteristics
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“An academic tournament: Will a woman enter the Institute?” Marie was weighed against Edouard Branly, who taught at a leading Catholic institution.
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Paul Langevin. The Langevins' 1902 marriage had deteriorated to such an extent by mid-July 1910 that Langevin left the family home for an apartment in Paris, not far from Curie's lab.
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Curie was the only woman at the 1911conference organized and subsidized by Belgian industrialist Ernest Solvay. cussions at this gathering of the world's top physicists opened the way to a new physics that would bring together relativity, the quantum, and radioactive atoms. Langevin, at far right, stands next to the young Albert Einstein. Rutherford stands above Curie, who confers with Poincaré.
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Mathematician Emile Borel, scientific director of the Ecole Normale Sup鲩eure, sheltered Curie and her daughters even when the minister of public instruction threatened to fire him for sullying French academic honor.

[Tucurie]

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The Radium Institute. After Germany declared war on France in 1914, only two people remained at the Institute: Curie and “our mechanic who could not join the army because of serious heart trouble.”
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This “petite Curie,” which brought X-rays to the Front in World War I, was played in Paris in 1998 during the commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the covery of radium.
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Marie and Ir讥 with X-ray equipment at a military hospital. After training Ir讥 as a radiologist for a year, Curie deemed her daughter capable of directing a battle-front radiological installation on her own.

[Tucurie]

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French philanthropist Henri de Rothschild was enthralled by science and funded many research efforts. Rothschild grants helped Curie to support her scientific staff--including the man who would become Ir讥's husband and collaborator.
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Meloney, Ir讥, Marie and Eve shortly after their arrival in the United States, where the press dubbed Eve “the girl with the radium eyes.”

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The high point of Curie's 1921 tour of the United States was the White House presentation by President Warren G. Harding, where she wore the same black dress she had worn to both Nobel ceremonies. Thanks to the Marie Curie Radium Campaign, she returned to Paris with ores, costly apparatus, and cash for her institute, in addition to the gram of radium
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Curie with President Hoover in 1929, when she made a second U.S. tour sponsored by Meloney. This time she succeeded in equipping the Warsaw Radium Institute, founded in 1925 with her sister Bronya as director.

[Knight]

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Marie Curie (1867-1934)
Nhà nữ bác học tiêu biểu của thế kỷ XX


Nhà bác học lỗi lạc Ba Lan, sinh ngày 7-11-1867 tại Vacsava, Ba Lan. Sau khi tham gia vào một tổ chức cách mạng của sinh viên bị bại lộ, bà buộc phải rời bỏ thành phố quê hươhg. Năm 1891 bà sang Paris, tại đây bà tốt nghiệp đại học. Năm 1895, bà kết hôn với nhà bác học Pháp Pierre Curie.

Năm 1902, 45 tháng sau khi tuyên bố khả năng tồn tại của nguyên tố radium, bà hợp tác cùng chồng thành công trong việc tách ra từ khoáng Uranit một decigam radium tinh chất radium tự phát quang.

Sau thành công khám phá ra nguyên tố mới nói trên, cái giá phải trả là hai ông bà bị nhiễm xạ. Tuy vậy hai ông bà vẫn tiếp tục nghiên cứu đặc tính của chất phóng xạ trong nhiều năm. Năm 1903, họ nhận huy chương Davy của Hội hoàng gia London và sau đó một tháng được nhận giải thưởng Nobel vật lý cùng với Henri Becquerel, người tìm thấy tính phóng xạ của Uranium.

Ngày 19-4-1906, giáo sư Pierre bị tai nạn giao thông qua đời. Bà Curie được mời thay thế ông giảng dạy môn vật lý ở trường đại học Sorbonne. Ðây là lần đầu tiên ở Pháp một học hàm cao được trao cho phụ nữ. Trong buổi lên lớp đầu tiên bà bắt đầu từ bài Pierre dừng lại, giảng đường chật ních sinh viên đến dự. Năm 1911, bà lại đoạt giải Nobel về hóa học và bà là nhà khoa học đầu tiên trên thế giới hai lần được nhận giải thưởng Nobel. Trong chuyến đi thăm Mỹ đầu tiên, Tổng thống Mỹ Warren Hariding, thay mặt phụ nữ Mỹ tặng bà một gam radium.

Trong chuyến thăm Mỹ lần 2, bà được nhận 50.000 đôla để mua radium cho phòng thí nghiệm phóng xạ ở Vacsava.

Năm 1920, do ảnh hưởng của phóng xạ, bà có nguy cơ mù mắt, nhưng nhờ một loạt cuộc phẫu thuật đã khôi phục được thị lực. Tuy vậy sức khỏe bà bị giảm sút vì sự tàn phá của phóng xạ lên tủy xương. Bà phải ngừng làm việc. Bà qua đời ngày 4- 7-1934, tại Valence Pháp, hưởng thọ 67 tuổi. Các con gái của bà là nữ bác học Irene Joliot Curie nổi danh kế nghiệp mẹ và Eva Curie, một nhà văn lỗi lạc đã viết một quyển sách về mẹ mình Marie Curie.